Web Resources - howlers

The following have been taken from student examination scripts, essays and reports.

New Terms

A.A. Lava; Aha Lava; Ah  Ah Lava
amphiboyle
ampobolite
brecher
biluminous coal
choral
Crackatoa
desectation cracks
erogony
Eural  Mountains
exoskelington
exterea
fallen basin
folisified
fossil hippopotimouse
gentile plate
godwanda
himalayers
holychoral eye
kyenight
molybendum
phalogopyte
psilite
rhumbdohedral  grains
sedimentary zenoliths
shop point lines
salty  clevage
slick'n'slides
stricken side lineations
theolistic lava
uncornformity

Insights into Stratigraphy

Unconformity - where the rock layers are confused by the pressure of the marine environment

An unconformity is where two beds of rocks are seen to be placed on top of each other when according to the stratigraphic column they should not be seen together

Geology is worked on the principle that the key to the present is in the past

The boundary betweeen two types of rocks are bedding places

Biozone - the very upper part of the continental crust on which we live, e.g.  Dartmoor

Llower Llanvirn

The supper continent of Pangaea

[Superposition] a very simple concept ... continued to confuse many  geologists of the past as it was firstly believed that the rocks were placed in  some form of alphabetical order.

The Devonian period is missing from the whole area and was probably a time of  land.

Ludlow was constructed from shales and was also used in defining the Silurian  System.

a meterorite .. would have to be 10 km in diameter and produce a creator 150 km in diameter

Obviously when the asteroid hit the earth it would also kill everything in sight and create a grater one hundred kilometers in diameter.

...to see if the stratigraphy of the area is complete or if time has been  eroded away

The hadean had no rock and was just a circulating mass of atmosphere with  some zircon crystals

Trace fossils are thought to exist as early as very early on

The Burgess Shales also had Hox genes

Insights into Sedimentology

Bedding planes form when sediment is deposited and compressed  - i.e. in an iniquitous manner

the choking-coals of Llanelli

course and fire grained sandstone ...

... resulting from erosion, deposition, past depositional and bionic structures

the coarsening upwards ... is also indicative of two floral marine environments

shale and Maidstone

Brathay Flags .. somewhere between a mudstone and a siltstone. It is a dark  blue shale

The sandstone is boarded to the northeast

Laterite occurs in topical environments

This beach would have been below wave base

Conditions must be above wave base and above the photic zone

The sediment was turned to rock by being lifithyed

Insights into Structural Geology

The notion that the rocks move together is a rare experience

The cleavage is persuasive throughout the area

A thrust fault occurs when the downthrown block moves above the upthrown block

A reverse fault is one in which the movement is up rather (then in a normal  fault) down

An isoclinal fold is a downward fold, usually folding in a southerly direction

The fault has been observed to run off the mapping area

Insights into Palaeontology

The  trilobite lied upon the ocean floor.

... whereas Didymograptus is uniformed

Calymene could also possibly hop

Pyroxene - trilobite as above but with sensory fringe and appendages and spines

This graptolite was probably attached to the sediment by the nema, then, feeding on passing sediment

Trilobites did not have teeth but do have a mouth of sorts

Dendroids ... have bithcae and autothecae ... one for reproduction and one for feeding

The trilobite appendage is split in to two parts ... being dual or biamorous

The trilobite had a ventral augment

Linnaeus split animals in to Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genius and Species

Trilobites once had double vision but they overcame this by secreting their  eyes at 90 degrees to the ground

Some graptolites can be found in amber, which, when hot is runny

Dendroids had a flat-bottomed sicula and were benthonic, which means they  crawled over the sea floor...

Articulate brachiopods had punctuation marks on their hard parts

Trilobite antennae were in front of its hypersthene

... that modern birds were descended from dinosoars

Trilobites evolved through the process of taphonomy

Briggs (1974) described the ealiest well preserved crustocean

Resting traces are trace fossils made by statutory animals

The Ediacaran fauna was discovered 700 million years ago, just before the  Precambrian

Echinoids had the perfect arrangement with their mouth being as far away from  its anus as possible

Echinoids have pentaminal symmetry

A trilobite's head consists of cracks called sutures

Problems can occur in bivalves due to homeopathy

the veins of the plant leaves ... possibly a similar type to stigmata

Cope agrees that the shells are fossiliferous

Lypocods decomposed to from coal

Therefore, although squids are easily mobile, and they evolve quickly, their main body is never preserved very well (with the exception of the weight on the squids propeller, which are known as belemnites)

(Of gratolites) the theca being occupied by a tiny organism called a hautiloid

The regular echinoid has 1-fold symmetry

Trilobite ontogeny has five major stages only two of which are known in  detail; the other two are inferred

Trilobite stratigraphic history occurred very quickly for a short period of  time

Ediacarans had fewer Hoax genes

Insights into Igneous Petrology

Lava flows are extrusive igneous intrusions; igneous intrusions  can be of either an extrusive or intrusive nature

... with a scattering of small intrusions that seen to act as 'fingers'  interjecting into the country rock

Q: Name two features of "black smokers" A: Lung disease and breathing  difficulties

50% felsic, 60% mafic

flow banding ... is due to the rock flowing when it was in its larval stage

Insights into Metamorphic Petrology

Metamorphism - when certain minerals have reached a certain  temperature they will sink to the bottom of the strata of minerals, where they  will cool.

the Lewisian Gneiss was laid down in the form of a craton

Insights into Mineralogy

Phenocryst - This is like a shield volcanoe which contains molten  liquid lava rather than gases and therefore it is faster and looks like an upturned dish

There are also those (minerals) which have a double angled reflection, for example Icelandic feldspar...

COLOUR is termed within two categories "Alliochromatic" which denotes it is  colourless or "Idiochromatic" denoting it is colourless.

STRIKE Minerals are used to strike a clay tablet and are distinguished by the  mark they leave

HABIT if haematite is formed in pillow shapes it is said to be mamilated

Also to test the colour , the rock could be scrapped to see the colour of the  compounds e.g. mineral content of iron will be red when scrapped

Another physical property is the mineral's density, that is noted by shining light through the rock

The specific gravity of a rock can be measured on the Moah Scale, which is a scale working from minerals with a low gravitation to minerals with a high gravitation

Specific Gravity is the weight, mass or density of a mineral in the Earth's  atmosphere

A mineral is weighed using a laboratory scale; it is then submerged in water for a few seconds. After being taken out of the water it is reweighed: the increase in weight marks the specific gravity of the mineral.

water acts as a catalyst...producing 'wet' minerals which would normally be  anhydrite

Insights into Geophysics

A  vibrosies machine - a large lorry with a weight that can be used to thumb the ground

Gravimetric surveys can be enhanced by correcting all data to the north  magnetic pole

A free air correction is then made as elevation varies with height above sea level

A bright spot is caused by the fact that ... P-waves ... accelerate as they  enter a gas and consequently a trace does not occur on a seismic section

The waves are collected on a sizeometer

These sources of energy travel down through the water or earth and hit the lithological boundaries

The Doppler Effect ... the nearer the wave the shorter the wavelength

Since 1923, there has been a steady decrease in morality caused by strong  eathquakes

Intensity of an earthquake is ... measured on the Bacardi scale

Insights into Earth Structure

The  Earth's core is hard and hot. It is also rather dense. There may well be  plutonium down there

The Earth's core is about thirty metres in thickness and fifteen metres in depth. The next layer is the mantle which is about thirty to seven hundred metres in thickness

Insights into Economic Geology

Prospects for further open-cast mining has led to boring samples being collected by mining companies ... most of the farm land surrounding Biddulph has been subject to boring activity which led to a protest by locals.

submissions from P.A. Floyd, G. Kelling, P.D. Lane, R.G. Park, I.G. Stimpson,  G.W. Tuckwell, G.D. Williams, J.W. Stanley and J.A. Winchester